INTRODUCTION
1.0 Background of the Study
Gonad shield is a specially designed contact or shadow shield used to protect the gonad area of a patient from the primary radiation beam during radiographic procedures. The use of gonad shielding has been advocated for patients undergoing pelvic radiography before and during the reproductive years including women less than 40 years of age and all males.
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In certain diagnostic X-ray procedures, the patient’s gonads receive radiation doses from primary or scattered radiation. Even though the doses often are small, it is important to keep the gonad doses to patients, at or below the reproductive age, as low as reasonably achievable due to the potential for hereditary damage on offspring.1
National2,3
and international bodies1,4
recommend the use of gonad shielding when applicable. The effectiveness of gonad shielding is dependent on the correct use of the shield5,7
. Furthermore, the use of a shield must not result in significant loss of diagnostic information. The primary duty of radiographers is to produce images of high diagnostic quality with the minimal amount of dose being given to each patient. This duty of care is primarily upheld by using the ‘As low as reasonably achievable’ (ALARA) principle, which incorporates the use of time, distance and shielding in order to minimise patient dose.Along with this, there is a public perception of the hazards of radiation, fed largely by incidents such as Chernobyl and nuclear fallout. Many patients present with an inflated sense of risk associated with X-ray and expect a radiographer to protect them from this perceived danger.7
This expected protection is almost always in terms of gonad lead shielding. The use of gonad shielding is recommended, with respect to gender, as appropriate, in plain film radiography of the abdomen, pelvis, and lower spine or proximal femoral, and is intended to shield the gonads from the primary radiation beam when it does not interfere with obtaining the required diagnostic information. This is consistent with the recommendations of ICRP Publication 341
which states that: ‘The gonads should be shielded when, of necessity, they are directly in the X-ray beam or within 5 cm of it, unless such shielding excludes or degrades important diagnostic information.’ The use of gonad shielding when the region being examined lies further than 5 cm from the gonads, for example the lower leg, serves no useful purpose in terms of radiation dose minimisation. The specific area gonad shielding covers is an area slightly larger than the region of the gonad. It may therefore be used without interfering with the objectives of the examination to protect the germinal tissue of patients from radiation exposures that may cause genetic mutations during many X-ray procedures in which the gonads lie within or are in close proximity to the X-ray field. Therefore, gonad shield should be provided when the following conditions exist: when the gonad lie within the primary X-ray field, or within close proximity (about 5 centimeters) despite proper beam limitation. Examinations during which this is likely to occur include those involving the pelvis, hip, and upper femur, abdominal, lumbar, and lumbosacral spine examinations, intravenous pyelograms, abdominal scout films for barium enemas and upper gastrointestinal (GI) series, and femoral angiograms. As a basis for judgment, the specific area gonad shield should provide attenuation of X-rays at least equivalent to that afforded by 0.25 millimeter of lead. The clinical objectives of the examination will not be compromised, although specific area gonad shield usually does not obscure needed information except in a few cases such as oblique views of the hip, retrograde urethrograms and voiding cystourethrograms, visualization of the rectum and, occasionally, the pubic symphysis. The decision concerning the applicability of shielding for an individual patient is dependent upon consideration of the patient’s unique anthropometric characteristics and the diagnostic information needs of the examination. The implementation of this policy is the responsibility of the radiographers, thus, gonad shield shall be considered when the patient has reasonable reproductive potential, when the gonads lie within or close to the direct X-ray beam. The radiographic field shall be restricted to the area of clinical interest by the use of proper collimation. Gonad shielding should be used only when the clinical objectives of the examination will not be compromised. Thus, gonad shielding can be used in the majority of radiographic examination without obscuring visualization of adjacent structures.8
The entrance surface dose for single exposurevaries from 0.26 mGy to 2.89 mGy9
for pelvic examination depending upon the body size of the patient. The total amount of radiation absorbed increases markedly when multiple X-rays are done, it also rises sharply when computer tomography (CT) scans10
and fluoroscopic studies are undertaken in thesepatients, whether of the pelvis or other regions of the body.11
Accordingly, it has been proposed that gonad protection should be carried out during all radiographic examinations whenever possible.12
The aim of this study is to assess the guidelines regarding the use of gonad shield in reducing gonad dose for common diagnostic procedures.1.1 Statement of the Problem
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1.2 Objectives of the Study
1.3 Significance of the Study
1.4 Scope of the Study
This is a cross-sectional study that covered practicing radiographers and the patient that undergone pelvic radiography during the period of the study in government owned hospitals in Enugu urban. They are University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), National Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu (NOHE), EnuguState University Teaching Hospital (ESUTH).