1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Before independence and shortly after, Nigerian depended solely on agricultural commodities for her foreign exchange earnings. The oil boom in the 70’s led to Nigeria economy with the resultant neglect of the agricultural sector. The boom attracted many oil producing companies to Nigerian for exploration and production of crude oil exploration on both onshore and offshore operation basis. Among the early oil producing companies to explore crude oil in Nigeria are the British petroleum company no (Shell). Agip, mobile total national and most recently development in the petroleum industry in Nigeria is the establishment of the petrochemical companies by the federal government.
Petroleum is used in most major areas of human endeavour. This includes household, manufacturing, transportation and communication. The petroleum industry has become an important ingredient in the modernization process and industrial growth of all nations. In addition, the production of petroleum product is sources of revenue generating foreign exchange reserve and it is also a high contribution to the national output little wonder therefore that our age has aptly been described “petrol-chemicals and the Nigeria economy”. The NNPC defined petrochemical as “generating the product based on chemicals derived form oil and natural gas. Then we have to contend with various types of risk that the petroleum industry as a whole are exposed to, both onshore and offshore operations. So we are considering the ways the risk could be prevented, controlled or minimized in order not to paralyze the country’s economy. What comes first to one’s mind as an insurance student in an institution of higher learning is an insurance coverage for all the various exposures.
Being in mind, that the majority of the oil producing companies operating in Nigeria engage in offshore production and that their offshore facilities run into millions of naira, one need to examine and re-examine the various types of coverage available and make necessary recommendations for improvement in order to enable the petroleum companies concentrate on the exploration and production of crude oil and improve the country’s economy as a whole. As an insurance student, one cannot do this in isolation, there must be a proper study of the operations of the oil producing companies in Nigeria must be carried out. This is needed so as to understand their various risk exposures and design an appropriate cover to meet necessary recommendations for an improvement on the existing ones.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS
Currency equalization clause was introduced for the fact that it has been difficult to maintain adequate cover throughout the policy terms despite the currency fluctuation of the naira. NICON introduced into all the policies insuring various assets of joint return operators (NNPC) and other oil producing companies that have foreign currency components, a clause known as the currency equalization clause. In 1987 in the exchange rate area by the application of this clause, the insured amount adjusted on a quarterly basis and any differences in exchange rate between the (N) naira and the ($) one dollar falls between N118, except where there is average fluctuation during the greater rate. The effectiveness of this clause was short lined because of the drastic fall of naira (N) at the end of 1987.
Settlement of claims was another problem of the researchers. They see this unhealthy relationship between the naira (N) and ($) dollar as a problem which may affect claims settlement and even lead to inadequate cover held by the oil producing companies, especially on the offshore facilities which has a very high foreign currency companies.
Another area of problems is the non availability of adequate and required skilled manpower in the petrochemical industries in Nigeria, this cause more problem to the industry in terms of risk management.
Last but not the least will be the effects of political instability in Nigeria now, which is one of the most superior revenue sources in Nigeria and their instable nature, they could not invest their fund in petrochemical industry in Nigeria. But with their investment, they may create more risk prevention technological advancement in Nigeria.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The need for this research study arose on the research desire.
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.5 RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
H 0
H 1
0
: Insurance protection meets the need of the petroleum industries in Nigeria.H2
: Insurance protection does not meet the need of the petroleum industries in Nigeria.
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The significance of this research work is that the insurances will find this work useful as it highlight the implications such as switch on their insurance portfolio and the reduction in their aggregate premium income.
The graduate and the undergraduates are not left out as people that will benefit from this study because it will broaden their knowledge in the relationship between insurance and petrochemical industries and the need for them to work together.
Furthermore, having implemented the measure mentioned in the study, it will limit the problem of unemployment that is facing the general public in Nigeria.
Finally, to the researchers, the study has broadened their knowledge in the various facilities of the oil producing companies and their recent developments in Nigeria.
1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scope of this work covers the offshore and onshore risk management in the petrochemical industries in Nigeria and other insurance coverage associated with it. This covers data from insurance and petrochemical journals, newspapers, magazines, bulletins and other observations of the researchers. Also covered are the interviews of prominent insurance professionals in Nigeria and petrochemical industries. The research work will include definitions of some insurance terminologies.
1.6 LIMITATION OF THE WORK
Due to finance, time and distance including other constraints, we were not able to cover the whole works that we are supposed to do in this research study. We were only limited to the data available to the study and other observations of the study so far is problem solving in the petrochemical industries in Nigeria. And if any other researchers will work on this type of work can do it without the above limitations, a better result may be produced.
1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS
Pro-rata also means exactly proportionate and this is meaning here. By the condition inserted in the policy documents an insured is penalized exactly proportionately to the degree of under insurance that exists.
For example, a house is insured against fine risk for the sum of insured of N600 and is subject to average condition. The value of the house s N1000, total loss of N300 occurred, you are required to determine the insurers liability.
Solution to this problem
There is under-insurance and so average applies using the formular
Sum/insured x loss
Value
Sum insured = N600
The value of the house is N1000
Loss = N300
= 600 x 300
1000
= N180
Therefore the insurer will pay N180 of the insured.