1.0 INTRODUCTION
Budgeting is essentially concerned with planning. According to Hausen .O. (1990). Dr. Jones discovered, failure of plan, either formally or informally, can lead to financial disaster. Careful planning is vital to the health of any organization. If that is a case, what role does budgeting play in planning and control. Simply put, plans identify objectives and action needed to achieve them.
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Budget are the actions needed to achieve them. Budget are the quantitative expression of these plans. States in either physical or financial terms or both. Thus a budget is a method for translating terms. As a plan of action budgets can be used to control by comparing actual outcome as they happen with the planned outcomes.
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Furthermore, according to Professor Anya O. Anya April 28th 2006, guarding newspaper, the universities and the challenge of a knowledge is base on the economy (2) the said “we have seen that economic and human development indices presently confirm that Nigeria is a very poor country where otherwise immense resources and potentials have not been realized as a result squander and poor management.
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We have dedicated from the above points that planning budgeting and control is very essential in all sphere of endearvour be it public or private sectors. In other words, the necessary uncertainty and complexity in the socio-political economic and public sectors of Nigeria society have been made it very difficult for co-operate entities irrespective of the nature of their business (profit oriented or service oriented) coupled with the changes in social, economic, technological and political system to achieve optimal result without setting proper planned targets. With the trend of failure recently witnessed in the financial sector, arising from factors both internal external organizations and their management should ensure that they had decision about their future.
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The concept of economic scarcity of resources implies that economic units including tertiary institutions, parastals etc must stick to action satisfaction. There may be no reason for government to establishment which the management are no strived to achieve viability for optimal result such establishments should be deliberately abandoned in order to pave way for release for the pursuit of other more economically viable investments.
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We should realized that abandonment is a key to innovation but because, it frees the necessary measures and also it stimulates the search for the new ones that will replace the old ones.
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However, it is for the sake of avoiding such abandonment that the researcher wanted to find out the impact of budget and budgetary control as technique to managing the business dynamics to evolve long term survival strategies of tertiary institutions.
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Budget and budgetary control are two accounting techniques which the bursar in any tertiary institution can adopt in order to achieve it task of planning, co-ordinating, directing and control. Nethertheless, management is about decision-making co-ordination control. The strategies for realizing the set out goals are many but, the collectively have tools in the decision making process of management, that is the accomplishment of goals by utilizing the available resource. It can be said that poor to achieve optimal result is the need for predetermined course of action taken to accomplish set goals.
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At macro level, the state represented by those possession of authority often determine the public goals and allocate available resources for their accomplishment where they are elected as in the case of a democratic setting, the process of selling target is participatory. But where the military is in control, the political interest of the ruling class determines the thrust of government policies. Either the most important thing is that target which are to be set in organized from while resources are committed to their alization.
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In essence, a plan which is one of the features of budget a comprehensive document containing desirable set goals, chosen course of action methods of accomplishing them as all as their financial implications. Planning is mainly concerned with the feature and is defined as the establishment of objectives, the formulation, evaluation and election of the policies strategies, tactics and action enquired to achieve these objectives, it can be described as he conscious government effort to influence, direct and in come cases even control changes in the principal economic variables like educational investment of a country or reign over cause of time. Control on the hand, follows closely after action has been taken. It is a process whereby actual performance is compared with targeted / budgeted performance. Budgeting control is the technique used for his purpose and when it is a combined with budget is becomes part of responsibility accounting.
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The aim of budgetary control is to provide a formal a basis for maintaining the progress of the organization as a whole and of its component parts towards the achievement of the objective specified in the panned budget.
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Budget enjoy a wider application and virtually human activities require some elements or setting targets through budget even through that alone does not guarantees success. They can be used in our private homes where a civil servant who earns a monthly income will map out his objectives and plan effectively, with that, he has to achieve those of his objectives. Both profit oriented and non-profit oriented organizations, institution of higher learning inductive apply budget in their activities.
The problem of hollow effects in the implementation, which lead to sentimental attachment which may lead to over commitment of funds to projects, may affect performance.
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Academic institutions function as a system in which all its units should be intimately unturned ass stimulated in the government financial institutions and financial regulation to avoid in dysfunctional situation that will produce untended consequences.
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It is the view of the researchers to highlight the impact which budget and budgetary control as a management technique could have in the budgetary performance of our academic tertiary institutions.
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1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
According to Cohn Drury .A. (1987). He stated that the actions that follow managerial decisions normally involves several aspects of the business. When the fail to do this, have is a danger that managers may make decision that the believe are in the best interest of the organization when in fact best interest of the organization when in fact taken together, they are not.
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Tertiary institution is a non profit making organization in most cases pay little or no attention towards the achievement of any set goal. Give to the fact that they not for profit making purposes, for proper, planning, budgeting and effective control system becomes an illusion. This has resulted into financial crisis which culminated into inadequate provision of learning infrastructural facilities, delayed / non-payment of salaries, strike actions and lack of commitment to work among staff members.
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These institutions also cannot makeâ€â€up even with the subventions given to them by the government. This has been attributed to various factors prominent among which is the ineffectiveness of budget and budgetary control system in these institutions.
This research work is therefore designed to ascertain the impact of the budget and budgetary control in tertiary institutions through a case study of Imo state university.
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1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Budget and budgetary control is a tool for management control. As with any other aspect of management, the budget process and budgetary control may or may prove successful in assisting government or individuals to achieve its goals. The use of budget is not a cure all for all organizational problems. It is the purpose of this research work to address the following:
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1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Budget and budgetary control, is intended to serve the management as a constant reminder of the plan they have adopted. As such, it provides a blue print they can consult from time to time as they work to implement the sense, it serves as a set of general instructions of the department / management and divisional management reflecting them the actions they have agreed to take and to results they have agreed to strive for. In summary of the following, budget and budgetary control has the below mentioned objective:
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1.4  RESEARCH QUESTION
He following research question have been formulated to act as a framework for this study, so as to enable the researchers find out the impact of budget and budgeting control in the performance of tertiary institutions.
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1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This work will be carried out through the study of impact of budget and budgeting control in tertiary institution, Imo state university. Furthermore, the research will make use of the school library and also visit mar by institution.
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The scope of budget and budgetary control is very diverse and broad. Any of budgets which enables an organization to be conducted more efficiently in be regarded as budget and budgetary control. Budget is also psychological device to obtain the result or the fix the responsibility and constantly keep conscious check on the level of performance which co-ordinates all the achieves of the tertiary institution.
Operating budgets: It usually consists of two parts: A programme budget and a responsibility budget. The programme that the tertiary institution plans to undertake during the year.
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1.6  ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STUDY
Budgeting is about making plans for the future, implement more plan and monitoring activities to see the whether they conform to the plans budgetary control in its totality, organizations budget for a variety of reasons, some of which can be continued as follows:
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1.7 DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Due to time and financial constraint that the research encountered in the process or carrying on this project and also it is very difficult for must staff to release official information to researchers.
The study was also limited as a result o inaccessibility of research materials.
However, the control system in non-profit seeking organization are never as highly developed as in profit oriented organizations because of under organizational goals, dominance by professionals and more difficult measurement standards. Budget will be in effective if it is unnecessarily detailed and complicated.
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1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following terms have been considered necessary to be defined in order to explain their meaning with the content of this work.
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Goal congruence: This means that, the aims and objectives of all the workers in an organization should be focus towards achieving the aims and objectives of the organization.
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Tertiary institution: The tertiary institution include all federal and state government owned universities, polytechnic and colleges of education.
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Managerial effort: This is the physical and mental exertion made by mangers towards set goals, managerial function like planning, organizing, supervision, co-ordinating etc. these tools and techniques are applied by managers of organization both private and public on managerial effort to solve their business decision problems.
Responsibility accounting: This is based on the recognition of individual areas of responsibility as specified in a firms structure. This implied that cost and revenue are controlled as applicable by using responsibility accounting.
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Management: This is also a series of activities that a firm engages it managers to guide, plans and equally handle responsibilities and changes that will be ahead.
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Budget: A budget can be defined as a quantitative expression of the operational plans for an organization for a future according period.
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BUDGETARY CONTROL: It has been severally defined. J. Batty says “budgetary control in its complete form involves a predetermined plan in financial terms, to cover all phase of business activities and the operation of that plan in such a way that anticipated profit is, as near as possible, achieved.
TEST OF HYPOTHESIS
Ho: The University does not consider budgeting and       budgetary control useful as a management tools.
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Hi: The University considers budgeting and budgetary      control as useful management tools.
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Ho:  The University does not prepare its project for a       specific period of time.
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Hi: The University prepares its budgets for a specific period of time.
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Ho: The Imo state university budget does not calls for     appropriate authorization and approval.
Hi: The Imo state university budget calls for appropriate  authorization and approval.